Turkish Grammar

Turkish  is  the  spoken  and  written  language  of  present-day  Turkey; in the  past  it  was  the  leading  language  of the  Ottoman  Empire  and spread  over  three  continents.  The  following pages  contain  the  grammar  of  this  language  taking  into  account  both  the  spoken  and  the higher literary forms, including the so-called Ottoman Turkish,  which
was strongly influenced by Arabic and Persian.
Turkish is one of the Turkic languages. According to an older theory, the  Turkic  languages  belong  to  the  Uralo-Altaic  language  family (Uralic:  Finno-Ugrian  and  Samoyed;  Altaic:  Turkic,  Mongolian, Manchu-Tungus,  Korean).  A  more recent  theory  puts them,  in  order
of  their  kinship  degree,  in  the  following  linguistic  chain:  Indo-European, Uralic,  Turkic, Mongolian, Manchu-Tungus,  and Korean.